STUDY GUIDE FOR CHAPTER 21:

 

INDUSTRIAL EUROPE

 

 

 

TERMS, PEOPLE, AND EVENTS

 

meadow floating

Agricultural Revolution

open-field farming

cottage industry

putting-out system

 enclosure

Charles "Turnip" Townsend

cotton gin

James Watt

four-course rotation

Thomas Newcomen

pig iron

Abraham Darby

rights in commons

jenny

puddling and rolling

flying shuttle

water frame

"safe boxes"

mule

Luddites

Eli Whitney

Robert Owen

George Stephenson

Josiah Wedgwood

Factory Act of 1833

Public Health Act

"Great Hunger"

Junkers

Zollverein

Ten Hours Act

Navigation Acts

John Wilkerson

Matthew Boulton

John Kay

Richard Arkwright

 

 

KEY GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS

 

Greenwich

Manchester

Liverpool

Rhineland

Ruhr

Saxony

Catalonia

Glasgow

Lombardy

Tuscany

Hanover

Birmingham

 

 

QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER

 

1.         How “revolutionary” was agrarian change in Europe from the eighteenth century on?  In what sense did agrarian reform constitute revolution?

 

2.         What role did technological innovation play in the transformation of Britain's textile industry from ca. 1750 to 1850?  In what ways did new technologies change the daily life of textile workers?

 

3.         Industrialization created both benefits and problems for British workers.  Overall, did the former outweigh the latter?  Or was it the other way round?

 

4.         Where in Europe was state involvement in industrialization strongest, and why?

 

5.         What sorts of living conditions did nineteenth-century industrial workers face?

            What were people like Fredrich Engels reacting to? 

6.         Who made the greatest contributions to the Industrial Revolution—the workers, the inventors, the financiers, or the factory managers?

 

7.         Why did some European nations (e.g., Austria-Hungary and Russia) essentially fail to industrialize?