TERMS, PEOPLE, AND EVENTS

Congress of Vienna Castlereagh Louis XVIII

Second Peace of Paris Talleyrand Alexander I

Frederick William III Pius VII German Confederation

Quadruple Alliance Holy Alliance "social question"

Victoria Liberalism John Stuart Mill

David Ricardo iron law of wages utilitaria

nationalism Herder Friedrich List

romanticism Germaine de Staël Victor Hugo

Louis Kossuth Conservatism Edmund Burke

Carlsbad decrees "Metternich system" Socialism

Saint-Simon Proudhon Fourier

phalanxes Karl Marx Peterloo massacre

Charles X Four Ordinances Louis-Philippe

July Monarchy Philhellenic movement Risorgimento

Treaty of London (1827) Young Italy Mazzini

rotten/pocket boroughs Great Reform Bill of 1832 Chartism

proletariat "sweated labor" Louis Napoleon

Provisional Government Louis Blanc national workshops

Frankfurt Assembly Factory Act of 1833 Congress Poland

Immanuel Kant Jeremy Bentham Lajos Kossuth

“banquet” campaign Giuseppe Garibaldi “humiliation of Olmutz”

Luddism Luxembourg Commission Red Shirts

Charles Albert Friedrich Wilhelm IV

Franz Josef

KEY GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS

Kingdom of Netherlands Piedmont-Sardinia German Confederation

Congress Poland Chios Swedish Pomerania

Romania Frankfurt Savoy

Nice Berlin Genoa

Galicia Posen Krakow

Dublin Budapest Prague

Baden Hesse-Darmstadt Württemberg

Hanover Schleswig Holstein

Kingdom of Two Sicilies Piedmont Tuscany

QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER

1. Did the Congress of Vienna and the alliance system it created restore pre-revolutionary order in Europe? Or did they create a new balance of power?

2. In the early nineteenth century, how were liberalism and nationalism related? Did they derive their inspiration from similar sources? Or did they have different roots?

3. When middle-class Europeans talked about liberty and political rights in the nineteenth century, what did they have in mind? How did social and economic experiences lend this political concept different meaning for different groups?

4. Compare the causes and results of the 1830 Revolutions with those of 1848.

5. Broadly speaking, what were the political goals of nineteenth-century European liberals, conservatives, and socialists? Do their contemporary counterparts still want the same things?

6. To what degree were poverty and economic stagnation responsible for the problems Paris faced in the nineteenth century? Given the appalling living conditions most Parisians faced, could their city really be considered "modern"?