TERMS, PEOPLE, AND EVENTS

meadow floating Agricultural Revolution open-field farming

cottage industry putting-out system enclosure

Charles "Turnip" Townsend cotton gin James Watt

four-course rotation Thomas Newcomen pig iron

Abraham Darby rights in commons jenny

puddling and rolling flying shuttle water frame

"safe boxes" mule Luddites

Eli Whitney Robert Owen George Stephenson

Josiah Wedgwood Factory Act of 1833 Public Health Act

"Great Hunger" Junkers Zollverein

Ten Hours Act Navigation Acts John Wilkerson

Matthew Boulton John Kay Richard Arkwright

KEY GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS

Greenwich Manchester Liverpool

Rhineland Ruhr Saxony

Catalonia Glasgow Lombardy

Tuscany Hanover Birmingham

QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER

1. How “revolutionary” was agrarian change in Europe from the eighteenth century on? In what sense did agrarian reform constitute revolution?

2. What role did technological innovation play in the transformation of Britain's textile industry from ca. 1750 to 1850? In what ways did new technologies change the daily life of textile workers?

3. Industrialization created both benefits and problems for British workers. Overall, did the former outweigh the latter? Or was it the other way round?

4. Where in Europe was state involvement in industrialization strongest, and why?

5. What sorts of living conditions did nineteenth-century industrial workers face? What were people like Fredrich Engels reacting to?

6. Who made the greatest contributions to the Industrial Revolution—the workers, the inventors, the financiers, or the factory managers?

7. Why did some European nations (e.g., Austria-Hungary and Russia) essentially fail to industrialize?