OPTIONAL STUDY GUIDE FOR CHAPTER 19:

CULTURE AND SOCIETY IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY EUROPE

TERMS, PEOPLE, AND EVENTS

chamber music Joseph Haydn philosophes

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Voltaire Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Marquise du Châtelet David Hume Montesquieu

Deists John Locke Cesare Beccaria

Samuel von Cocceji Patent of Toleration physiocrats

Adam Smith Francis Place bourgeoisie

grandees hidalgos peerage

gentry Grandes entail

primogeniture salons novel

companionate marriage Thomas Malthus positive check

preventive check wet nurses blood sports

laissez-faire Candide Encyclopedie

Denis Diderot Condorcet coffeehouse

engrosser Skepticism tabula rasa

foundling hospital workhouse

KEY GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS

Bath Cirey Lisbon

Champagne Bordeaux Brighton

Hamburg

QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER

1. Was the impact the Enlightenment different in eastern and western Europe? Where were its effects most profound, and why?

2. Broadly speaking, how did different social classes experience the social and cultural changes of the eighteenth century?

3. How did social and economic dislocation affect families in eighteenth-century Europe? How and why were notions of companionship, privacy, and childhood transformed in this period? Which segments of the European population were influenced most by these developments?

4. According to the authors, "the paradox of the eighteenth century was that for the masses life was getting better by getting worse." What do they mean by this? Do you agree or disagree?

5. What impact did population growth have on eighteenth-century European society?